Agreed, Vitro (with a slim chance of Pelt) on the right. Left looks a bit wonky.
Have you tried a flat (non-textured) background? Gray usually works best for my camera
Sounds about right, appears to be nice spacing, nice color, nice condition.
More likely German origin...since I can't say I've seen cane cut swirls with early American provenance? But I sure haven't seen them all
Pics 6-8 look like they are handgathered, which makes them a bit more interesting (to me anyway). But condition on the blue/white is shot. Hard to believe some of them survived in that condition without busting into pieces. Must have been somebody's favorite.
There are probably a few answers to those questions and some of the terminology varies. For me "jellcore" would be a solid core except the core is translucent like jelly. "ribbon core" is one (maximum two) flat ribbons of color, thinner they are the more "razor" they become. Once you get more than two ribbons, those become a "divided core". Some "solid cores" are lobed, and when the lobes separate (you can see clear glass in between) they are referred to as divided core even though the person making them may not have intend them that way...keeping in mind they were cranking them out pretty quick.
There are a couple good marble books that may be a good reference for you.
Thats my 2 pence
It's been packed away for a while so I got it out for a closer look. You're correct, there is a pulp/paper/cardboard backing and the upper face is metal. here is a pic of the bottom
Welcome to the site. Any specific types you'd like to see (handmade, machinemade, certain types/colors, companies, etc.) can be a click away in the search feature. Or if you're not sure, ask away, and we can assist (as Chad mentioned).